On June 25, the NCCOP declared a mass general strike across Cameroon under the name of Operation Ville Mortes (Operation Ghost Town). Nearly 300 students were detained in Yaounde after security forces attacked the university there. Between April 10 and 15, eight pro-democracy demonstrators were killed and several others were wounded.
In April of 1991, tensions between opposition groups and the government grew. The three major political parties in the NCCOP were the SDF led by Ndi, the National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP) led by Maigari Bello Bouba, and the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC). Shortly thereafter, a number of the minority political parties came together to form the National Coordination Committee of Opposition Parties (NCCOP). The government used violent force to break-up SDF’s first public rally in the town of Bamenda and between four and twelve people were killed. In May of 1990, spurred on by Black’s arrest, another opposition leader, John Fru Ndi formed a political party, the Social Democratic Front (SDF). In 1990, Black and his fellow political organizers were arrested and charged with destabilizing the government and forming ethnic tension. Biya and the party have been able to maintain a stronghold on national governance largely due to significant external support from France.
One of Black’s aims was to challenge the rule of Biya, who had been in office for nine years at that point. The ruling party of Cameroon was the Cameroonian People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM), and at its helm was President Paul Biya.
In Cameroon in 1989, attorney and Duala chief Yondo Black formed a new major political party, initiating a significant change in the national political climate towards support for a multi-party system.
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